World Journal of Experimental Biosciences
type: channel
publisher: Unicorn Scientific Publishing LLC
language: en
publication name: World Journal of Experimental Biosciences
issn: 2313-3937
copyright: All articles in the World Journal of Experimental Biosciences are published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) ( (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
items: A Comprehensive Review of Plastic Pollution: Public Health and Environmental Impacts, Sources, and Mitigation Strategies
items: Pathogenicity and Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana against the Larval and Adult Stages of Culex pipiens.
items: Silver Nanoparticles from Lawsonia inermis against Uropathogenic Escherichia coli: Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Molecular Docking Investigations
items: Nanoparticles in Biomedicine and Biosciences: Design, Mechanism, and Their Applications
items: Association of Imipenem Resistance with LasR/RhIR Quorum Sensing, Biofilm Formation, and Adhesion to Human Epithelial Cells in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
items: Comparative Virulence and Cytopathic Profiles of Sabin Poliovirus Vaccine Strains and Acute Flaccid Paralysis-Associated Isolates from Iraqi Children
items: Synergistic effect of Polyhydroxybutyrate nanoparticle on the susceptibility of Escherichia coli to cefotaxime in vitro
items: Measuring Health System Performance Globally by highlighting the Indicators, Frameworks, and Challenges
items: Zoonosis: Back to the Future of Parasites, Humans, and Living Together, such is their Destiny
items: Gold Nanoclusters in Cancer Photothermal Therapy: Mechanisms, Theranostic Applications, and Clinical Translation Over the Last Decade
items: Antibacterial Activity of Gaultheria procumbens, Thymus vulgaris, Peganum harmala, and Bergamot (Citrus bergamia) Essential Oils against Enterococcus raffinosus Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections
items: Antagonism and Antibiofilm Activity of Sterile Microbiota Growth Medium against Klebsiella pneumoniae In Vitro
items: Study the level of microbial and chemical pollutants in the soil of some densely populated areas of Baghdad
items: Bacteriocin Produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus Exhibits Antagonistic Activity Against Uropathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae
items: Integrated Low-DMSO Cryopreservation and Expansion Strategies Enhance Cord Blood CD34⁺ Stem Cell Recovery and Function
items: Controlling Imipenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Hospitals: Effect of Improved Infection Control Measures from an Interrupted Time-Series Study
items: Biomedical Applications of Chitosan Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review
items: Chitosan Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Properties, and Drug Delivery
items: From Definition to Therapy: A Comprehensive Article Review of Galactosemia
items: Molecular Frontiers in Modest Labs: Phage Research in Low-Income Settings
items: Variations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Formation Influence Virulence and amoxicillin Resistance
items: Antibacterial effect of Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil against Ceftazidime-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis
items: Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from an infected wound in Iraq
items: A review of problems of bacterial biofilm on contact lenses
items: Long-term impacts of Newcastle disease virus infection on fertility and clutch viability in racing pigeons (Columba livia domestica)
items: Emerging Patterns of Meropenem Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Burn Patients: Epidemiological Data from Central Iraq
items: Impact of Biofilm Formation on Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli
items: Some Toxic Effects of Sio2 NPs on Thyroid Gland Function with Histological Changes and Ovary Function in Female Rats
items: Study the Effect of Lemongrass and Rosemary Extracts against Bacterial Pathogens
items: Exploring the Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide on Biofilm Development and Antibiotic Susceptibility

A Comprehensive Review of Plastic Pollution: Public Health and Environmental Impacts, Sources, and Mitigation Strategies
type: item
description: Plastic is a basic material widely used in various consumer and industrial sectors, from construction and vehicles to electronics and agriculture. In recent years, plastic pollution has put pressure on the environment and threatens human safety worldwide due to massive global plastic production, which has led to waste generation that exceeds society's ability to manage it efficiently. This review discusses the types of plastic pollution, as plastic chemical composition consists of long polymers that are resistant to degradation by decomposing organisms. Natural processes break down plastic materials into small particles, forming microplastics and nanoplastics that can easily disperse throughout the environment. Consequently, plastic pollution affects terrestrial and marine ecosystems, causing serious effects on the environment, the economy, and the health of organisms. In addition, the article reviews the main sources of plastic waste, including household, industrial, agricultural, and medical waste. It also reveals the major problems caused by plastic waste, especially its environmental and human health impacts, as chemical materials in plastic cause several health issues like reproductive disorders, hormonal disruption, and neurological disease. It also highlights the importance of control measures and coordinated global efforts to reduce single-use plastic, improve recycling systems, and create international partnerships to mitigate the effects of plastic pollution on the planet and public health. Article History: Received January 03, 2026 Revised February 20, 2026 Accepted: March 08, 2026 Published: April 3, 2026
subject: Review article
  topic: section
subject: Environmental impacts
  topic: keywords
subject: microplastics
  topic: keywords
subject: plastic pollution
  topic: keywords
subject: public health.
  topic: keywords
creator: Miyada Khazaal Hassan
creator: Shaimaa Abdul-Kareem
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Miyada Khazaal Hassan, Shaimaa Abdul-Kareem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-03
publication date: 2026-04-03
starting page: 3
ending page: 9
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v14.01.02

Pathogenicity and Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana against the Larval and Adult Stages of Culex pipiens.
type: item
description: Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes pose a threat to global public health. Culex pipiens transmits West Nile virus. The eco-friendly biological control, recruited by Beauveria bassiana, is a promising strategy. The current study aims to employ entomopathogenic fungi (B. bassiana) against the larval and adult stages of Cx. pipiens as an alternative method to chemical pesticides. The study investigated the effects of conidial suspension concentrations (3 x 105, 3 x 106, and 3 x 107 spores/ml) on four larval stages of Cx pipiens. The first instar was the most susceptible and showed significantly higher mortality at higher concentrations. The LC50 values for the first larval instar were 2.935 x 106 and 5.241 x 105 spores/ml after exposing for 24 and 72 h, respectively. For the second instar, the values were 5.988 x 106 and 1.845 x 106 spores/ml; for the third instar, 6.696 x 106 and 1.868 x 106 spores/ml; and for the fourth instar, 8.913 x 106 and 4.45 x 106 spores/ml, in the same intervals of time. Furthermore, mortality percentages for adults were 1.245 x 107 and 4.314 x 106 spores/ml for males, and 1.456 x 107 and 6.159 x 106 spores/ml for females after 24 and 72 h of treatment, respectively. The findings demonstrate that B. bassiana exhibits significant pathogenicity against both larval and adult stages of Cx. pipiens, with efficacy increasing at higher concentrations and longer exposure times. These results support its role as an eco-friendly biological control agent in reducing mosquito populations and limiting the transmission of West Nile virus. Article History: Received: April 10, 2026 Revised: May 01, 2026 Accepted: May 15, 2026 Published: May 24, 2026
subject: Research article
  topic: section
subject: Beauveria bassiana, biological control, Culex pipiens, Entomopathogenic fungi.
  topic: keywords
creator: Majida Mohammad Abidfalhy
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Majida Mohammad Abidfalhy Yaseen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-24
publication date: 2026-05-24
starting page: 23
ending page: 29
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v14.01.05

Silver Nanoparticles from Lawsonia inermis against Uropathogenic Escherichia coli: Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Molecular Docking Investigations
type: item
description: Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is responsible for more than 80% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). These infections are associated with multidrug resistance, especially to extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL). This study evaluated the antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of biogenic silver nanoparticles (Bio-AgNPs) synthesized using Lawsonia inermis (henna) leaf extract against multidrug-resistant UPEC isolates. The virulence (fimH and papC) and resistance genes (blaCTX-M and blaKPC) in UPEC were amplified using multiplex PCR. The study also explores their mechanism of action and their molecular docking with three key UPEC virulence targets. The fimH gene was found in all isolates, while papC was found only in four isolates. The study showed that blaCTX-M and blaKPC genes were present in 4 and 1 isolate from 7 studies, respectively. Synthesized bio-AgNPs were semi-spherical (less than 50 nm). Bio-AgNPs exhibited potent, concentration-dependent bactericidal activity against all seven UPEC isolates (MICs of 3.12–12.5 µg/mL; MBCs of 6.25–25.0 µg/mL). All UPEC isolates were strong or moderate biofilm producers; minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) values were 4–64 times higher than planktonic MIC values. Molecular docking demonstrated strong binding affinities of the bio-AgNP silver core (−9.84 to −11.32 kcal/mol) and lawsone (−6.94 to −8.45 kcal/mol) against FimH adhesin (PDB: 4XO8), PapC usher (PDB: 3RFZ), and DNA Gyrase B (PDB: 4DUH), outperforming reference ligands. These findings support the use of bio-AgNPs synthesized as a promising alternative therapeutic strategy against multidrug-resistant (MDR) UPEC-associated UTIs. This finding needs an in vivo improvement project. Article History: Received May 10, 2026 Revised June 17, 2026 Accepted: June 19, 2026 <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-f…
subject: Research article
  topic: section
subject: Antibiofilm, DNA gyrase, FimH, Green nanotechnology, Lawsonia inermis, Molecular docking, Silver nanoparticles, Uropathogenic Escherichia coli
  topic: keywords
creator: Jenan Atiyha Ghafil
creator: Dongmei Li
creator: Deyar Jassim Shawi
creator: Nabaa Amer Jaber
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jenan Atiyha Ghafil, Dr. Dongmei Li, Deyar Jassim Shawi, Nabaa Amer Jaber (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 30
ending page: 37
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v14.01.06

Nanoparticles in Biomedicine and Biosciences: Design, Mechanism, and Their Applications
type: item
description: Nanotechnology is one of the promising sciences that has progressed rapidly in the last fifty years. It is used in many biomedical fields, including drug delivery, disease diagnosis, and vaccination. There are many examples of nanoparticles (NPs), PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin, albumin-bound paclitaxel and ionizable lipid NP mRNA Covid-19 vaccines. This article focuses on NP classification, synthesis, and properties and tests their translation into drug delivery, imaging, cancer therapy, gene therapy, regenerative medicine, and antimicrobial applications. This review article also highlighted the relationship between structure and function of NPs, leading to the study of biodistribution, protein corona formation and targeting, all of which shed light on toxicology mechanisms, the regulatory framework and its persistent barriers, including reproducibility, immunogenicity and cost impact on the application and synthesis of NPs. This article also investigated the publications that deal with the role of AI in NP design, personalized nanomedicine, multifunctional smart systems, and in conjunction with CRISPR-based gene editing. All these are also discussed as pathways to overcome the limitations. This article tries to reach the aims by consolidating materials design, bioscientific interaction, and clinical translation within a single framework. The aim of the manuscript is to provide researchers and clinicians with information for advancing nanoparticle-based technologies from the bench to the bedside of patients. Article History: Received: May 07, 2026 Revised: June 18, 2026 Accepted: June 22, 2026 Published: June 30, 2026
subject: Review article
  topic: section
subject: Biomedicine & Biosciences; Drug delivery; Lipid Nanoparticles; Nanoparticles, Nanomedicine, Nanotoxicology.
  topic: keywords
creator: Lubna Al-Mutalib
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Lubna Al-Mutalib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 58
ending page: 70
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v14.01.10

Association of Imipenem Resistance with LasR/RhIR Quorum Sensing, Biofilm Formation, and Adhesion to Human Epithelial Cells in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
type: item
description: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is responsible for a high rate of burn wound infection. Biofilm formation enhances this pathogen's resistance to antibiotics. Quorum-sensing (QS) genes regulate biofilm production. Carbapenem resistance, particularly to imipenem (IMP), is a major challenge for physicians. The study aims to investigate the relationships among IMP resistance, lasR/rhlR QS genes, biofilm formation, and adhesion of P. aeruginosa to human oral mucosal epithelial cells (OMECs). Eleven P. aeruginosa isolates were obtained from burn wound infections; 45.5% were IMP-resistant. All IMP-resistant isolates were strong biofilm producers. A significant negative correlation was observed between IMP susceptibility, measured as the diameter of the inhibition zone (r = - 0.84, P < 0.005), and biofilm formation, measured as optical density at 590 nm. This finding indicates that biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa decreases IMP susceptibility. The current study also revealed that strong biofilm producers showed high adhesion to human OMECs. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening detected lasR in 72.7% of P. aeruginosa isolates and rhIR in 81.8%, with both genes co-occurring in 72.7% and absent in 18.2%. The study revealed that one isolate had a lasR-negative/rhIR-positive profile. The study concluded that there is a strong relationship among QS gene carriage, biofilm production, adhesion to epithelial cells, and IMP resistance in P. aeruginosa. Article History: Received May 02, 2026 Revised June 12, 2026 Accepted: June 22, 2026 Published: June 28, 2026
subject: Research article
  topic: section
subject: Biofilm formation; Imipenem resistance; Burn wound infection; Epithelial cell adhesion; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Quorum sensing (lasR/rhlR).
  topic: keywords
creator: Marwa Mohammed Talib
creator: Mansour Salem Attia
creator: Ahmed Amrajaa Abdulrraziq
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Marwa Mohammed Talib, Mansour Salem Attia, Ahmed Amrajaa Abdulrraziq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-28
publication date: 2026-06-28
starting page: 52
ending page: 57
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v14.01.09

Comparative Virulence and Cytopathic Profiles of Sabin Poliovirus Vaccine Strains and Acute Flaccid Paralysis-Associated Isolates from Iraqi Children
type: item
description: The use of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), which consists of attenuated Sabin strains, is a key component to achieving worldwide poliovirus eradication. However, many people view vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) and vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV) as significant problems, particularly in regions with low sanitation and vaccine coverage rates. This study describes a comparison of virulence and cytopathic effects of OPV and AFP-associated Sabin isolates obtained from Iraqi children. A total of 250 fecal samples obtained from suspected AFP cases and 50 from healthy controls were screened for the presence of poliovirus. Viral isolation was performed using RD and L20B cell lines (the viral cell type is not important) and serotyping was performed using neutralization testing. The cytopathic effects (CPE) and viral titer (TCID₅₀) values were compared to those of OPV and AFP-associated isolates. Poliovirus (Sabine, not wild type) was isolated from 35 of the 105 (33.33%) suspected AFP cases and 3 out of the 13 (23%) control subjects. Sabin type 3 predominated (51.42%), followed by mixed type 1+3 (28.57%) and type 1 (20%), with no type 2 isolates detected. Notably, AFP-associated isolates demonstrated significantly higher viral titers than the original vaccine strains, and distinctive cytopathic patterns characterized by rapid, complete monolayer destruction within 1-2 days, in contrast to the slower, focal degeneration observed with vaccine strains. The present study reported increased cytopathic characteristics in AFP-associated Sabin isolates compared with vaccine strains. These findings emphasize the importance of continuous virological surveillance and support the strategic transition toward inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). Article History: Received: April 28, 2026 Revised: June 2, 2026 Accepted: June 19, 2026 Published: June 28, 2026
subject: Research article
  topic: section
subject: Acute flaccid paralysis, Cytopathic effects, Oral polio vaccine, Poliovirus, Vaccine-derived poliovirus, Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP).
  topic: keywords
creator: Razaq Hadi Eissa Al-Garawi
creator: Ayaid Khadem Zgair
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-28
publication date: 2026-06-28
starting page: 45
ending page: 51
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v14.01.08

Synergistic effect of Polyhydroxybutyrate nanoparticle on the susceptibility of Escherichia coli to cefotaxime in vitro
type: item
description: Multidrug-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli poses a major therapeutic challenge. Nanotechnology is an alternative strategy to improve the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics. The synergistic effect of nanoparticles in restoring antibiotic susceptibility is scarce in the literature. The study aims to evaluate the synergistic effect of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) nanoparticles on UPEC susceptibility to cefotaxime (CTX) using a checkerboard assay. The effect of the combination on UPEC's ability to form biofilms was evaluated. The UPEC was isolated from 83 urine samples. The most isolates were resistant to CTX (5/10), and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged from 0.062 to 256 µg/mL. Biofilm formation showed a significant correlation with resistance to CTX. The PHB NPs were synthesized and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, which revealed a diameter of 10-75 nm, and by FTIR spectroscopy, which confirmed polymer integrity. The cytotoxicity assessment against MCR-7 cells yielded an IC50 of 52.4 µg/mL. Checkboard microdilution assays against the resistant and strong biofilm-form isolates of E. coli (Ec9) showed that PHB NPs enhanced CTX activity, decreasing its MIC from 250 µg/mL to 62.5 µg/m. The combination of ¼ MIC PHB NPs produced the lowest fractional inhibitory concentration (FICI; 0.50), indicating a synergistic interaction. The sub-MIC combination of the two agents significantly reduced biofilm formation compared to either agent alone, resulting in an optical density (OD) decrease from 0.83 to 0.13. From the current study, it can be concluded that PHB NPs represent a promising adjunctive strategy for restoring antibiotic activity. These results need further research to achieve the final goal of reactivating conventional antibiotics. Article History: Received May 02, 2026 Revised June 10, 2026 Accepted: June 21, 2026 Published: June 27, 2026
subject: Research article
  topic: section
subject: Antimicrobial resistance; Biofilm eradication; Biopolymer nanoparticles; Cefotaxime; Drug-resistant; Green nanotechnology; Nanomedicine; PHP-NPs; Uropathogenic E. coli.
  topic: keywords
creator: Kanika Aggarwal
creator: Ali Hmood AL-Saadi
creator: Mehdi Meskini Heydarlou
creator: Mamta Sharma
creator: Sultan M. Alshahrani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 38
ending page: 44
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v14.01.07

Measuring Health System Performance Globally by highlighting the Indicators, Frameworks, and Challenges
type: item
description: Evaluating the performance of the health system is important for anyone who wants to improve population health. In response to this challenge, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced its first formal health system performance assessment framework in 1999–2000. From that time, a variety of additional conceptual frameworks, monitoring tools, and indicators have been developed to help describe, measure, and compare health systems internationally. This article focuses on four interconnected streams of literature related to the WHO Health System Performance Framework and the controversies that have arisen from it. The subsequent WHO Health Systems Building Blocks framework, along with the degree to which it has been adopted globally to strengthen health systems. The key tools for evaluating health systems and the indicators currently used to monitor and assess health system inputs, processes, outputs, and outcomes, including those for universal health coverage. This manuscript deals with the continuing methodological hurdles that researchers continue to face as they attempt to assess health system performance, e.g. the poor data infrastructures that exist in low and middle-income countries; the technical complexity of effectively linking health systems performance outputs to specific health service system inputs; the possibility that if separate performance measures for the different health systems functions are not developed. The integration of these functions may lead to poor evaluation processes and the fragmentation of interdependent functions into separate data, as well as ongoing debates about how to weight and sum multiple performance indicators into a composite performance measure for any specific health system. No single framework or tool is sufficient, but the complementary use of conceptual frameworks, facility-based assessment tools, and routine information systems offers the most realistic path toward solidifying an accountable, evidence-based health …
subject: Review article
  topic: section
subject: Health system; Frameworks; WHO; Global challenges; Low-income countries.
  topic: keywords
creator: Razaq Hadi Eissa Al-Garawi
rights: Copyright (c) 2018 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2018-06-15
publication date: 2018-06-15
starting page: 12
ending page: 19
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v6.01.03

Zoonosis: Back to the Future of Parasites, Humans, and Living Together, such is their Destiny
type: item
description: Most biological pathogens have a zoonotic origin, meaning at some point in the history of our planet, they “spilled over” (i.e., were transmitted) from animals to humans to become pathogens. Today, as human populations expand, urbanize, and encroach on wildlife habitats, interactions at the human–animal–environment interface are more frequent, facilitating these spillover events and increasing the risk of emerging disease in humans. Other factors, as agricultural intensification, wildlife trade, deforestation, and global travel further amplify the risk of such spillover, or cross-species transmission. Once introduced into human populations, some pathogens adapt to efficient human-to-human transmission, leading to outbreaks, epidemics, or pandemics.
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
creator: Tom Vincent
creator: Jean-Paul Gonzalez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-03
publication date: 2026-04-03
starting page: 1
ending page: 2
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v14.01.01

Gold Nanoclusters in Cancer Photothermal Therapy: Mechanisms, Theranostic Applications, and Clinical Translation Over the Last Decade
type: item
description: This last decade has seen the rise of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) as a new, revolutionary class of photothermal agents for cancer therapy. The AuNCs (<2 nm) have a high surface area-to-volume ratio and exhibit efficient electron-to-phonon coupling. AuNCs possess favorable renal clearance properties due to their extremely small hydrodynamic diameters. This review article provides a structured summary of advancements made in the areas of AuNC synthesis, ligand-shell engineering, environmentally friendly fabrication methodologies, and large-scale manufacturing methods during the years of 2015-2025. It also focuses on the role atomic precision and surface chemistry play in the photothermal performance, biodistribution, protein corona formation, and nano–bio interactions of AuNCs; in addition, we highlight the mechanistic details associated with non-radiative relaxation pathways, energy gap modulation, and optimizing photothermal conversion efficiency. It also provides proof of concept that AuNCs are suitable as multifunctional theranostic platforms that integrate both fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging into combination strategies of chemo-photothermal and immune-photothermal therapy, with immune checkpoint blockade to elicit a systemic immune response against tumor cells. The study demonstrates rapid renal elimination and low accumulation of AuNCs over long-term duration, while addressing some of the historical concerns associated with traditional inorganic nanoparticles. Finally, the translational barriers facing AuNCs were highlighted, including regulatory standardization, reproducibility, and cost-effectiveness. The future with artificial intelligence (AI) will support AuNCs synthesis Thus, AuNC-based photothermal therapy is an exciting new advancement in nanomedicine and is predicted to be on a fast track for use in precision oncology from the lab through to integration into clinical practice by 2030.
subject: Review article
  topic: section
subject: Gold nanoclusters (AuNCs), Nanotheranostics, Photothermal conversion efficiency, Photothermal therapy, Precision oncology.
  topic: keywords
creator: Jenan Atiyah Ghafil
creator: Bashar Ibrahim
creator: Nihad Taha Mohammed Jaddoa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 52
ending page: 60
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v13.02.007

Antibacterial Activity of Gaultheria procumbens, Thymus vulgaris, Peganum harmala, and Bergamot (Citrus bergamia) Essential Oils against Enterococcus raffinosus Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections
type: item
description: The discovery of alternative antimicrobial agents against resistant bacteria has been a major target for microbiologists and physicians, especially in recent years, because the resistance to antibiotics has increased. No previous study has investigated the antibacterial effects of essential oils prepared from Gaultheria procumbens, Thymus vulgaris, Peganum harmala, and Bergamot (Citrus bergamia) against Enterococcus raffinosus. The present study aims to investigate the antibacterial activity of the essential oils of the above medicinal plants against E. raffinosus in vitro. In the present study, essential oils were extracted from the above four medicinal plants. For evaluating the antibacterial effect of the essential oils, three isolates of E. raffinosus were isolated from 44 urine samples collected from patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs). Only one isolate was multidrug-resistant (MDR) to commonly used antibiotics. The microdilution method on microtiter plates and the agar diffusion method were used to check the susceptibility of E. raffinosus to the essential oils. The study showed that the essential oil of T. vulgaris showed the highest antibacterial activity against E. raffinosus, followed by P. harmala. The present study showed a moderate antibacterial effect of G. procumbens essential oil against E. raffinosus. The present study showed no antibacterial effect of the essential oil of Bergamot against E. raffinosus. It can be concluded from the study that the antibacterial effect of the essential oils prepared from G. procumbens, T. vulgaris, and P. harmala against MDR-E. raffinosus, that is why these oils can serve as a novel antibacterial agent against E. raffinosus infections.
subject: Research article
  topic: section
subject: Antibacterial effect, Enterococcus raffinosus, Essential oil, Urinary tract infections.
  topic: keywords
creator: Seema Kumari
creator: Hwazen Amer Shnyoor
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-12-26
publication date: 2025-12-26
starting page: 47
ending page: 51
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v13.02.006

Antagonism and Antibiofilm Activity of Sterile Microbiota Growth Medium against Klebsiella pneumoniae In Vitro
type: item
description: The metabolic bacteria extraction, Sterile Microbiota Growth Medium (SMGM), may play a role as an antibacterial and antibiofilm agent, reducing the virulence of pathogenic bacteria in vitro and in vivo. These extracts can be used to treat infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates. The present study aims to investigate the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of SMGM extracted from non-Staphylococcus aureus growth media on the virulence of Klebsiella pneumoniae, as assessed by biofilm formation and bacterial growth rate. In the current study, 25 skin swabs were collected from healthy volunteers to isolate non-S. aureus isolates (S. epidermidis). From these isolates, SMGMs were prepared aseptically from 10 isolates of S. epidermidis by collecting the overnight growth (Nutrient broth) and preparing cell-free growth media after centrifugation and passing through Millipore filters. The microdilution method on a microtiter plate was used to evaluate the antibacterial effect of SMGM. Moreover, the microtiter plate and crystal violate method was used to assess the antibiofilm effect of different dilution of SMGM on the ability of K. pneumoniea to form biofilm in vitro. The results showed that all dilutions of SMGM ½, ¼, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32, and 1/64 reduced biofilm formation of K. pneumoniae (P<0.05). The study also demonstrated that SMGM reduced the growth rate of K. pneumoniae (P<0.05) at different time intervals (up to 48 h). It can be concluded from the current study that SMGM reduces the ability of K. pneumoniae to form biofilms and decreases the growth rate of planktonic cells.
subject: Research article
  topic: section
subject: Antibiofilm, Antagonism, Biofilm, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Microbiome
  topic: keywords
creator: Barkat Ali Khan
creator: Muhammad Azhar Ud Din
creator: Mohammed Talab Mohammed
creator: Maimoona Batool
creator: Habib ullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-11-10
publication date: 2025-11-10
starting page: 33
ending page: 36
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v13.02.003

Study the level of microbial and chemical pollutants in the soil of some densely populated areas of Baghdad
type: item
description: The problem of environmental pollution with heavy metals and pathogenic microorganisms, especially soil contamination, is considered one of the most important public health threats. The current study aims to evaluate the levels of soil contamination in densely populated areas of Baghdad with heavy metals and pathogenic microorganisms and evaluate the incidence of skin infection with different microorganisms in the study areas. Fifty soil samples were collected from different regions of Al-Sadr City and the areas east of the canal. The atomic absorption spectrometer was used to measure the level of heavy metals [Cooper (cu), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (cd), and Mercury (Hg)]. Routine microbiological techniques were used to evaluate the levels of soil contamination with different microorganisms, and the same methods were used to isolate and identify the microorganism causing skin infection in 75 skin swabs collected from outdoor patients of the same study's area. The results of the current study showed that heavy metal levels in the soil samples were below the permissible limits by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) document. The study also showed that most soil samples were contaminated with microorganisms, particularly normal flora bacteria, at high levels, followed by actinomycetes, whereas contamination with coliform bacteria was very low. The results of microbial examination of the skin showed that the fungal infection was followed by a bacterial infection (Staphylococcal infection), whereas infection with Escherichia coli was the lowest. The current study concludes that soil contamination levels in densely populated areas of Baghdad are within acceptable limits. The study also showed that microbial contamination with fecal microorganisms was low.
subject: Research article
  topic: section
subject: Heavy metals, Microorganism, Pollution, Skin infection
  topic: keywords
creator: Hameda Khadem Zgair
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
starting page: 42
ending page: 46
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v13.02.005

Bacteriocin Produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus Exhibits Antagonistic Activity Against Uropathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae
type: item
description: Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a major problem facing the health system worldwide. The ability of bacteria to form biofilms enhances their resistance to antibiotics. Finding alternative antimicrobial agents is a crucial approach in the global fight against infectious diseases caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. In this study, yogurt samples were cultured on Man–Rogosa–Sharpe agar (MRS) to isolate Lactobacillus acidophilus. Fifty urine samples were collected from patients with urinary tract infections (UTI). Eleven isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae were obtained from these samples. The bacteriocin was extracted from L. acidophilus grown in MRS broth. Ammonium sulfate at 70% saturation was used for the partial purification of the bacteriocin. The gel diffusion method evaluated the antibacterial effect of both crude and partially purified bacteriocin on MDR-K. pneumoniae, which produced the highest level of biofilm. The ability of the 11 isolates of K. pneumoniae to produce biofilm was assessed using the microdilution method in a polystyrene microtiter plate. The results showed that out of eleven isolates, eight were MDR. All isolates produced biofilm at different levels. Both crude and partially purified bacteriocin (at dilutions 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, and 1/32) inhibited the growth of Kp9. The partially purified bacteriocin was more effective than the crude form in inhibiting Kp9 growth. Sub-MICs (1/2, 1/4, 1/8, and 1/16 MICs) of both crude and partially purified bacteriocin inhibited biofilm formation of Kp9. The bacteriocin from L. acidophilus has the ability to inhibit MDR-K. pneumoniae and its capacity to prevent biofilm formation in vitro.
subject: Research article
  topic: section
subject: Antibiofilm, Antagonism, Bacteriocin, Klebsiella pneumoniae, UTI.
  topic: keywords
creator: Jenan Atiyah Ghafil
creator: Zainab Hani Hatif
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-12-17
publication date: 2025-12-17
starting page: 037
ending page: 041
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v13.02.004

Integrated Low-DMSO Cryopreservation and Expansion Strategies Enhance Cord Blood CD34⁺ Stem Cell Recovery and Function
type: item
description: Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a source of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The main challenges in handling them are the cytotoxicity of 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) cryoprotection and insufficient cell number from a single cord blood unit. To address them, UCB-derived mononuclear cells (MNCs) were isolated by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation and cryopreserved in different formulations: 2.5% or 5% DMSO, each alone or supplemented with trehalose (25 µg/mL) or ascorbic acid (80 µg/mL). Post-thaw, viable MNC counts were assessed using trypan blue viability, and CD34+ immunocytochemistry was performed. To overcome the second challenge, MNCs were cultured for 7 days with 5%, 10%, or 25% placental extract, or for 4 days with 4 plant hormones, including kinetin, indole-3-acetic acid, naphthaleneacetic acid, and gibberellic acid at 2.5 and 5 mg/L. The MTT assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity. The results showed that 5% DMSO with trehalose yielded the highest post-thaw MNC count (4.70 ± 0.10 × 106 cells/mL) and viability of 54.50 ± 0.28%, whereas 5% DMSO with ascorbic acid produced the highest CD34+ retention (81.16 ± 0.60%), both significantly higher than in 2.5% DMSO formulations (P < 0.05). 5% placental extract increased cloning efficiency 5.7-fold compared with the control (P < 0.05). The hormones used depleted differentiated MNCs while preserving CD34+ content at 89-96%. These findings establish 5% DMSO with trehalose or ascorbic acid as an alternative to conventional 10% DMSO protocols, and 5% placental extract as a cost-effective HSC expansion supplement with direct translational importance for cord blood banking and transplantation medicine. Article History: Received: February 20, 2026 Revised: March 26, 2026 Accepted: April 12, 2026 Published: April 18, 2026.
subject: Research article
  topic: section
subject: Cord blood bank; CD34+, cryopreservation, hematopoietic stem cells, plant hormones.
  topic: keywords
creator: Noor Farhan Shamkhi
creator: Majeed Arsheed Sabbah
creator: Sabah Nasser Alwachi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-18
publication date: 2026-04-18
starting page: 16
ending page: 22
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v14.01.04

Controlling Imipenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Hospitals: Effect of Improved Infection Control Measures from an Interrupted Time-Series Study
type: item
description: Imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (IRPA) causes serious healthcare-associated infections and negatively affects clinical outcomes. This study aims to determine if a structured bundle of enhanced infection-control measures can effectively reduce hospital-acquired IRPA cases at a tertiary care hospital. A retrospective interrupted time series analysis was conducted over two consecutive twelve-month periods: (1) 2023 served as the baseline period; (2) 2024 as the enhanced intervention period. The interventions included weekly active surveillance, prompt notification to physicians after positive culture results, structured on-site audits with a standardized checklist for isolating multidrug-resistant organisms, and monthly departmental performance reports. A total of 850 clinical isolates were analyzed. The main outcomes measured were the overall IRPA incidence, hospital-acquired IRPA infection rates, adherence to contact precautions for IRPA patients, and total Imipenem use, each expressed as a rate per 1,000 patient-days. Segmented linear regression was used for the interrupted time series analysis. IRPA incidence decreased from 1.842 to 0.963 cases per 1,000 patient-days (p < 0.001), and hospital-acquired IRPA infection rates dropped from 0.214 to 0.088 per 1,000 patient-days (p = 0.001). Contact isolation compliance increased from 31.4% to 76.2% (p < 0.001). Imipenem use rose to 1.183 defined daily doses per 1,000 patient-days per quarter (p = 0.002), with no significant change in this trend due to the intervention (p = 0.112). The implementation of a structured infection control bundle focusing on weekly surveillance and real-time notification led to a significant clinical and statistical reduction in hospital-acquired IRPA, despite increased Imipenem use. These findings offer practical evidence for resource-limited tertiary care settings. Article History: Received: January 20, 2026 Revised: February 28, 2026 Accepted: April 2, 2026 Published: April 9, 2026
subject: Research article
  topic: section
subject: Active surveillance; Antimicrobial resistance, Hospital-acquired infection; Infection prevention and control; Imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  topic: keywords
creator: Chandra Kanta Bhusal
creator: Hanaa Jabbar Rasheed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-09
publication date: 2026-04-09
starting page: 10
ending page: 15
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v14.01.03

Biomedical Applications of Chitosan Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review
type: item
description: Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) are a versatile polyfunctional mechano-chemical scaffold used to advance biomedicine through long-term retention in cells and tissues after delivery. Because CSNPs have multiple properties that facilitate drug delivery, including being biodegradable, biocompatible, cationically charged, mucoadhesive, possessing some inherent biological activity, and easily penetrating mucosal membranes, they are an important part of polymeric nanocarriers for drug delivery. This article offers a comprehensive and critical review of the physical and chemical properties of CSNPs and highlights various biomedical applications, such as serving as a delivery vehicle for medicine via (i) oral, (ii) nasal, (iii) pulmonary, (iv) ocular, (v) anticancer, (vi) gene therapy, (vii) vaccine adjuvants, (viii) tissue repair or wound healing, (ix) tissue regeneration, (x) antimicrobial activity, (xi) clinical studies against pathogens, (xii) cellular uptake and intracellular transport mechanisms, mucoadhesion, and the paradox of mucosal penetration, (xiii) development of safety and toxicology profiles from in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies, (xiv) surface modifications such as PEGylation and receptor-ligand conjugation for cell-specific targeting, and (xv) barriers to translating CSNPs from laboratory research to clinical use, along with future directions like delivering CRISPR/Cas9, developing theranostics, and microfluidic manufacturing of CSNPs. CSNPs consistently improve bioavailability, enhance cellular uptake, increase accumulation in tumors, prolong drug release, and reduce pathogen loads, often outperforming both free and conventional drugs across all delivery routes and medication types studied. Nevertheless, challenges such as manufacturing scale-up, raw material variability, limited correlation models between in vitro and in vivo data, and an evolving regulatory environment for polymeric nanomedicines impede clinical translation. This review critically…
subject: Review article
  topic: section
subject: Anticancer; Chitosan nanoparticles; Drug delivery; Gene delivery; Mucoadhesion; Nanomedicine.
  topic: keywords
creator: Jenan Atiyah Ghafil
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2019-09-28
publication date: 2019-09-28
starting page: 9
ending page: 17
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v7.02.02

Chitosan Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Properties, and Drug Delivery
type: item
description: Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) represent one of the most widely researched platforms for allowing drug delivery in pharmaceuticals and they exhibit a high versatility in relation to the numerous uses that they can serve due to their unique qualities as biopolymers. Derived from chitin through deacetylation of that material, chitosan is biocompatible, biodegradable, exhibits mucoadhesive and cationic properties. The tunability of the phospholipid properties of the chitosan molecule (i.e., molecular weight, degree of deacetylation and charge density) makes it possible to design and produce CSNPs that are in the sub-micron to 1 micron size range or less in diameter. This review provides an in-depth coverage of the available literature and empirically investigates the physicochemical basis for the formation of CSNPs based on the following formation techniques: i) ionotropic gelation, ii) emulsification cross-linking, iii) nanoprecipitation, and iv) self-assembly. State-of-the-art characterization techniques, including the use of electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering or other particle sizing techniques, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and calorimetry (or thermal analysis), are addressed. Various mechanisms associated with cellular internalization and mucoadhesive/cell-cell adhesion interactions, as well as mechanisms of altering tight junctions and mechanisms by which CSNPs may be released from endosomes, are discussed. Safety assessments available on CSNPs encourage the researcher to consider this agent in the medical application in future projects.
subject: Review article
  topic: section
subject: Chitosan nanoparticles; Drug delivery; Mucoadhesio, Nanoparticle characterizations
  topic: keywords
creator: Ghada Mohammed Saleh
rights: Copyright (c) 2018 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2018-04-05
publication date: 2018-04-05
starting page: 5
ending page: 11
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v6.01.02

From Definition to Therapy: A Comprehensive Article Review of Galactosemia
type: item
description: Galactosemia is a medical disorder that affects the body's ability to metabolize galactose. After infants ingest galactose from breast milk or formula, those with the condition can develop a life-threatening illness accompanied by feeding problems. Infants with galactosemia can be identified through newborn screening programs (NBS) or by symptoms that appear in the first weeks after birth. If untreated, infants may suffer kidney and liver damage, develop cataracts, and experience severe infections. Some countries offer newborn screening programs to help with the early detection and treatment of galactosemia. This article review aims to define galactosemia, its types, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and ways it can be prevented or managed.
subject: Review article
  topic: section
subject: Galactosemia, Metabolic Disease, Genetic Disorder, Newborn Screening Programs, Therapeutic Strategies
  topic: keywords
creator: Amjed Torki Al-Rudaini
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-11-05
publication date: 2025-11-05
starting page: 26
ending page: 32
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v13.02.002

Molecular Frontiers in Modest Labs: Phage Research in Low-Income Settings
type: item
description: The establishment of the World Journal of Experimental Biosciences marks a significant milestone for researchers worldwide. For those of us working in low-income countries, it offers a rare platform to voice not only our scientific findings but also the silent struggles behind them. As a former PhD student in India and now a mentor in Ethiopia (Africa), I write this editorial to reflect on the challenges and quiet triumphs of conducting molecular microbiology, especially phage research, in modest laboratories.
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
creator: Tesfaye Kassa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-11-01
publication date: 2025-11-01
starting page: 24
ending page: 25
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v13.02.001

Variations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Formation Influence Virulence and amoxicillin Resistance
type: item
description: Inhibition of adherence pathogenic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to the surfaces is one important approach that is employed by antibiotics against bacterial infectious diseases. The present study is aimed at determining the involvement of sub-inhibition concentrations of amoxicillin (AMX) in the modulation of P. aeruginosa capacity to produce the biofilm. The approach was to expose the P. aeruginosa to various sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amoxicillin (AMX) and thereafter test the resultant biofilm formation by the bacteria under these exposure conditions. The research also determined the effect that sub-MICs of AMX have on surface hydrophobicity and bacterial aggregation. The findings were that sub-MICs of AMX influenced varying forms of biofilm formation. High sub-MIC of AMX (½ MIC) lowered the formation of the biofilm, while low sub-MICs enhanced the capacity for the bacteria to develop polystyrene microtiter plate biofilms. The influence that sub-MICs of AMX have on surface hydrophobicity and bacterial aggregation detection were similar to what they showed on the production of the biofilm. Low level sub-MICs concentrations of AMX (1/16, 1/32, and 1/64) enhanced surface hydrophobicity, while on the other hand ½ MIC AMX lowered the surface hydrophobicity of the bacteria. Sub-MICs of AMX (1/8, 1/16, 1/32, and 1/64) also enhanced the rate of bacterial aggregation for P. aeruginosa. The study concludes that sub-MICs of AMX improve the capacity for P. aeruginosa to produce biofilms by enhancing surface hydrophobicity and bacterial aggregation.
subject: Research article
  topic: section
subject: Aggregation, Amoxicillin, Biofilm, Hydrophobicity, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
  topic: keywords
creator: Farah Mohommed Saleh
creator: Huda Abbas Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Farah Mohommed Saleh, Huda Abbas Mohammed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 19
ending page: 23
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v13.01.005

Antibacterial effect of Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil against Ceftazidime-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis
type: item
description: Enterococcus faecalis is an opportunistic pathogen commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract. It is associated with biofilm-related infections and increasing resistance to various antibiotics, including cephalosporins. In this study, eleven E. faecalis isolates were obtained from 101 catheter samples collected from patients with severe urinary tract infections (UTIs). All isolates were tested for susceptibility to ceftazidime and Thymus vulgaris essential oil using the microdilution method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using microtiter plates. Biofilm formation was quantified with a crystal violet-based spectrophotometric method. The results showed high-level resistance to ceftazidime (MICs: 1000–4000 µg/mL). Conversely, T. vulgaris essential oil exhibited strong antibacterial activity, with MICs ranging from 1/40 to 1/640 (v/v). All isolates produced biofilms to varying extents, with isolate Ef1 generating the highest biomass. The study confirmed that E. faecalis produces a substantial amount of biofilm and is resistant to ceftazidime. Additionally, the findings highlight the promising antibacterial effects of T. vulgaris essential oil against ceftazidime-resistant E. faecalis.
subject: Research article
  topic: section
subject: Biofilm, Ceftazidime, Enterococcus faecalis, MDR, Thymus vulgaris essential oil.
  topic: keywords
creator: Zukhra Abbasi
creator: Shams Ihssan Sadiq
creator: Muhammad Obaid
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 15
ending page: 18
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v13.01.004

Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from an infected wound in Iraq
type: item
description: The infected wound with multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria represents one of the big issues for public health. Klebsiella pneumoniae, especially MDR, is responsible for infecting different human organs, particularly wound infections. This current study aims to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of K. pneumoniae isolates that are responsible for wound infection. In the present study, the samples were collected from Al-Fallujah General Hospital, Al-Anbar, Iraq. A total of 89 wound swabs were collected from patients aged 15 to 65 years, following ethical standards. The microbiological methods were followed for isolation and identification of K. pneumoniae, e.g., culture on selective media, Gram staining, and biochemical tests. The Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method was used to evaluate susceptibility against eight antibiotics, and results were interpreted using CLSI 2024 guidelines. From 89 wound swabs, 12 isolates of K. pneumoniae were identified, with an infection incidence rate of 13.48%. The antibiotic susceptibility analysis showed a high prevalence of MDR in the isolates. The highest resistance rate was observed against ceftriaxone, followed by cefepime and aminoglycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin). Imipenem showed high antibacterial efficacy, with four isolates showing susceptibility and one intermediate response. Levofloxacin also showed high effectiveness, with five sensitive isolates. Several isolates exhibited extensive drug resistance, with susceptibility to only one or two antibiotics. The study is highlighting the alarming emergence of MDR K. pneumoniae in wound infections, emphasizing the need for continuous surveillance and rational antibiotic use. Imipenem and levofloxacin remain among the most effective agents that need gene molecular characterization.
subject: Research article
  topic: section
subject: Antibiotics, Klebsiella pneumoniae, MDR, Wound.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammed Talab Mohammed
creator: Ayaid Khadem Zgair
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-06-23
publication date: 2025-06-23
starting page: 11
ending page: 14
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v13.01.001

A review of problems of bacterial biofilm on contact lenses
type: item
description: Contact lenses are a widely used and effective means of vision correction, offering relief to around the world use contact lenses. But these lenses can sometimes get colonized by microorganisms, which might lead to infections and inflammation on the eye’s surface. A major concern in this context is the formation of bacterial biofilms on contact lenses, which can cause significant complications, including ocular discomfort and more serious eye conditions. This study aims to discuss how bacterial biofilms can cause eye infections related to contact lenses. Without proper treatment, these infections can lead to vision loss or, in severe cases, loss of the eye. In conclusion, biofilms are a key factor contributing to contact lens-related ocular infections and inflammation.
subject: Review article
  topic: section
subject: Contact lenses, Keratitis, Microbial Biofilm, Ocular infections.
  topic: keywords
creator: Najlaa Nabhan Yaseen
creator: Shaymaa Suhail Najim
creator: Maryam Kamel Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-06-10
publication date: 2025-06-10
starting page: 7
ending page: 10
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v13.01.002

Long-term impacts of Newcastle disease virus infection on fertility and clutch viability in racing pigeons (Columba livia domestica)
type: item
description: This study investigated the impact of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) on the reproductive efficiency of racing pigeons (Columba livia domestica). A total of 160 pigeons (1–3 years old, 400–550 g) were selected based on clinical signs of NDV, confirmed by RT-PCR. Birds were divided into four groups: G1 (control, 20 healthy females and 20 healthy males), G2 (20 recovered females and 20 recovered males), G3 (20 healthy females and 20 recovered males), and G4 (20 recovered females and 20 healthy males). Behavioral analysis revealed significant differences in reproductive parameters. Hatchability rates were 95%, 20%, 65%, and 55% for G1, G2, G3, and G4, respectively, with incubation periods of 18 ± 1.2 to 18 ± 2.1 days. Squab acceptability among parents remained stable (~75% in all groups), and squab survival and flight ability were unaffected. However, parental care ability was significantly lower in recovered groups (55% in G2 vs. 100% in G1). Mating efficiency in G1 (100%) was significantly higher than in recovered pigeons (30%–85%). Histopathological examination of the reproductive organs in recovered pigeons revealed degeneration of ovarian follicles, including shrinkage, necrosis, and granulosa and theca cell disintegration. Testicular tissue exhibited seminiferous tubule collapse and detachment of spermatogonia from the basement membrane, compromising sperm production. These findings indicate that NDV infection causes long-term histopathological damage to reproductive tissues, reducing fertility in recovered pigeons. Further research is needed to explore potential therapeutic strategies to mitigate these effects. diseases.
subject: Research article
  topic: section
subject: Newcastle disease, reproductive performance, racing pigeons.
  topic: keywords
creator: Ali Habeeb Jaber
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-04-26
publication date: 2025-04-26
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v13.01.003

Emerging Patterns of Meropenem Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Burn Patients: Epidemiological Data from Central Iraq
type: item
description: Infected burns are among the most serious clinical cases with high mortality rates, especially when infected with multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in burns significantly contributes to the high mortality associated with bacterial burn infections. This study aimed to conduct a bio-surveillance of burn cases infected with P. aeruginosa and their resistance to meropenem. A total of 305 burn cases were examined, with samples collected from the burn and wound hospital in Baghdad. Of these, 180 samples came from skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) associated with systemic sepsis, 100 from SSTIs, and 25 from minor burn injuries. P. aeruginosa was isolated and identified using biochemical methods. The Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method was used to assess the response of the bacterial isolates to meropenem. Results showed that out of 82 P. aeruginosa infection cases. The percentage of isolates resistant to meropenem was 62.19%, sensitive was 34.14%, and those with intermediate response was 3.6%. The highest resistance to meropenem was observed in SSTIs with systemic sepsis. The study concludes that the incidence of P. aeruginosa infection is high, and resistance to meropenem is correlated with the severity of the infection.
subject: Research article
  topic: section
subject: Antibiotics, Burn, Meropenem, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
  topic: keywords
creator: Rusul Hasham Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 49
ending page: 52
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v12.02.005

Impact of Biofilm Formation on Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli
type: item
description: Escherichia coli is a main nonpathogenic bacterium naturally present in the human gut. However, certain strains have adapted to cause infections, leading to illnesses in the gastrointestinal tract, urinary system, or central nervous system, even in otherwise healthy individuals. The study focused on the role of biofilm formation on resistant isolate of E. coli. Biofilms can be defined as groups of microorganisms attached to a surface. In this study 25 strains of E. coli have been used, the isolates have been detected by using Gram-stained, biochemical test and VITEC 2 system, As for antibiotic resistance, six antibiotics have been used, nitrofurantoin, piperacillin, amikacin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, and Vancomycin. The concentrations have been used according to the clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). Biofilm Assay Protocol was used. All isolates exhibited sensitivity to nitrofurantoin and chloramphenicol, but they were resistant to piperacillin (100%), vancomycin (100%), and ceftriaxone (50%), followed by amikacin (50%). Biofilm production of 25 E. coli isolates showed that 25 isolates were able to form a biofilm, 11 isolates indicated a strong reaction, 6 were medium and 8 of them were weak biofilm production. Among isolations creating biofilm more than 44 % of bacteria exhibit strong biofilm production, 24% moderate, and less than 32 % weak biofilm production.
subject: Research article
  topic: section
subject: Antibiotic resistance, Biofilms, Escherichia coli, Urinary tract infection, Virulence Factors.
  topic: keywords
creator: Nagham Saadi Mohammed
creator: Mayada Mohammed Obaid
creator: Meroj A. Jasem
creator: Tabarek Mundher Noaman
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-12-15
publication date: 2024-12-15
starting page: 44
ending page: 48
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v12.02.004

Some Toxic Effects of Sio2 NPs on Thyroid Gland Function with Histological Changes and Ovary Function in Female Rats
type: item
description: The study investigated the effects of Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) on female rats' thyroid glands and ovaries. Three groups were randomly selected, and two treatment groups were given different SiO2 NPs (25 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of body weight). The animals were divided into three experimental groups. The thyroid (T3, T4, and TSH), and ovarian (E2 and progesterone) function hormones were measured. The histological study was studied. It was found that significant decrease in T3 levels in the rats group treated with SiO2 NPs doses over 10 days as compared with the control group. The significant decrease in T4 levels was also found in the treated rats groups (10, 20, and 30 days) as compared with the control group. However, a significant elevation in TSH was seen in treated groups as compared with the control group. The current study showed that exposure to SiO2 NPs caused thyroid tissue alteration, with certain follicles filled with colloidal scalloping activity. When exposed to 100 mg/kg of SiO2 NPs for 10 days, more scalloping formation was observed. When treated with 25 mg/kg of SiO2 NPs for 20 days, few follicles filled with colloidal were observed. When treated with 100 mg/kg of SiO2 NPs for 20 days, empty follicles with necrotic cells were observed. In conclusion, SiO2NPs produced structural, functional, and ovarian effects at different concentrations. In the thyroid gland, they decreased T3 and T4 hormone levels and increased TSH levels. In the ovary, they caused structural, functional, and decreased E2 and progesterone levels.
subject: Research article
  topic: section
subject: Estradiol (E2), female rats, T3,T4, TSH,, Histological change, ovary, progesterone, Sio2NPs, thyroid gland.
  topic: keywords
creator: Riam Sabah Abbood
creator: Noori M. Luaibi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-12-08
publication date: 2024-12-08
starting page: 36
ending page: 43
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v12.02.003

Study the Effect of Lemongrass and Rosemary Extracts against Bacterial Pathogens
type: item
description: The study aims to study the antibacterial effects of lemongrass and rosemary extracts against different types of bacteria. According to studies, rosemary extract has antibacterial properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Bioactive substances including rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid are responsible for the antibacterial properties of rosemary extract. Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus are just a few of the microorganisms that lemongrass extract has been shown to have antibacterial activity against. Citral a significant part of the essential oil, is the main cause of lemongrass's antibacterial qualities. It has also been discovered that combining the extracts of lemongrass and rosemary has a synergistic effect that increases the antibacterial action against specific bacteria. It is thought that the various modes of action of the bioactive substances included in these extracts are what cause this synergistic impact. All things considered, the data that is now available points to the possibility of using extracts of rosemary and lemongrass as natural antibacterial agents against a range of harmful microorganisms.
subject: Review article
  topic: section
subject: Antibacterial effect, Lemongrass, Medicinal Plants, Rosmarinus officinalis L.
  topic: keywords
creator: Arjwan M. Al-Zubaidi
creator: Nawal jasem
creator: Riam Sabah Abbood
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-12-06
publication date: 2024-12-06
starting page: 32
ending page: 35
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v12.02.002

Exploring the Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide on Biofilm Development and Antibiotic Susceptibility
type: item
description: Hydrogen peroxide is one of the most important chemical compounds that affect the formation of biofilm of microorganisms and response to antimicrobial agents which can be used in war against pathogenic microorganisms in healthcare institutions. The current study aims to highlight the mechanism of the effect of H2O2 on biofilm formation, in addition to the possibility of using it to enhance the ability of antimicrobials to reduce the outbreak of infectious disease. In this review article, the impact of hydrogen peroxide on the susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics will be screened through the role of H2O2 in reducing biofilm formation. Here, the mechanism of the effect of H2O2 on the body of pathogenic bacteria through oxidation stress, eradication of biofilm, destruction of microbial membrane, and inhibition of microbial enzymes. The effect of hydrogen peroxide on biofilm formation depends on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and the duration of exposure of microorganisms. In some time the low concentrations of H2O2 induce biofilm formation and high concentrations may reduce the biofilm formation (and that may be dependent on the species of microorganism). The effect of H2O2 on biofilm formation is through reducing initial attachment as well as interfering with the maturation and maintenance of biofilm. Hydrogen peroxide has an important role in enhancing antibacterial agents and this may contribute to redrawing the therapeutic strategy in the future. It can be concluded from the present study that H2O2 has a role in reducing the outbreak of infectious diseases and helps in enhancing the antibacterial war, which contributes to enhancing public health.
subject: Review article
  topic: section
subject: Antibiotics, Bacterial susceptibility, Biofilm, Developing antibacterial agents, Hydrogen peroxide.
  topic: keywords
creator: Hwazen Amer Shnyoor
creator: Ayaid Khadem Zgair
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-08-27
publication date: 2024-08-27
starting page: 26
ending page: 31
doi: 10.65329/wjeb.v12.02.001